STRUCTURE OF SPACE-TIME

The formula stu = m + (gΔb, x) p relates the mass, the time law (tu = g∆b, x) and space. This is not an arithmetic sum but a combination of factors: mass, flowing time and space. Each object warps space-time around them, but this effect depends on the mass of the body and in the reality they are: macrocosm and microcosm. The effect of nuclear forces, weak and strong, is to an atom level. 

Dark energy fills all space and is composed by photons. It is called dark because doesn't emit radiation. The term "dark energy" was coined by Michael Turner in 1998.

... IN OTHER WORDS

- The universe is made of 4D space-time.

- The mass is very dense space-time.

- The bodies with a lot of mass warp space-time (dark energy) around them.

- According to the Unified Field Theory photons are formed from the movement. Some photons are free (dark energy) and others unite to form atoms.

The formula uet = m + (Δgd, x) p explains the four fundamental forces (4FF) as follows: the magnitude of these forces depends on the mass of the body, internal changes and movement and outside, of the distance from the center of the body.

SPACE-TIME (a summary)

My interpretation of space-time is that each object or body (event for somebody) is a structure of space-time. The magnitude of the space-time depends on the mass and density of the object. These objects can be: a particle, a molecule, a table, a planet or a galaxy. The space-time consists of four dimensions.
The gravity of the stars is transmitted through photons or dark energy, distorting the space-time around them.

In a formula:

stu = m + (gΔb, x) p

A space-time unit or "object" is equal to the mass more the gradual increment of an uniform rhythm becoming since a moment x in a point of space p.

Albert Einstein was right.

Source of reference: video in Spanish about Unified Field Theory: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99UPbcQueSA

APPLICATIONS OF THE TIME LAW (tu = gΔb, x)

- gΔb (sundial, rotation of the Earth), x (sunrise).
- gΔb (candle), x (lit of candle).
- gΔb (hourglass), x (rotation of the vials).
- gΔb (digital clock, rotation of the Earth), x (midnight, the time o'clock).
- gΔb (calendar, translation of the Earth), x (midnight of December 31).
- gΔb (stopwatch), x (zero).
- gΔb (timer), x (set time).

The operation of these devices is governed by the equation "tu = gΔb, x".
There is a kind of variable becoming, as in biological phenomena, a storm, the current of a river, etc.. that isn't suitable for measuring time.

TIME LAW: tu = g∆b, x

This law gets older to a being. It's read as: a time unit is equal to the gradual increment of an uniform rhythm becoming since x. The unknown value x is the moment of beginning to count the time. x can be the clock time, the date or a specific year. 

A grade is each one of the divisions of a scale adapted to an instrument. This means that in the time we have to pass for each one of the values to a constant rhythm. The displacement is ∆d (distance) and the acceleration is ∆s (speed). 

This law defines time based on the becoming and not in the displacement (space).
The equation "tu = g∆b, x" reflects the way we measure time, from a periodic and regular phenomenon. This equation is the pattern that is fulfilled in all units and time periods.

PHILOCHRONY: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONCEPT

The Philochrony is the study of duration, the becoming-time duality (b-t) and the relation between these concepts. The Philochrony is a logical-rational study based on knowledge already established in Physics, Philosophy and Psychology.

The duration is synonym of chromnesia (from Greek khronos = time and Mnesis = memory). The duration is developed with the age; the child and the young have no duration (sense of b-t). Because of this, to a certain age, people think the b-t flows faster, intervals seem shorter.

The chromnesia is the ability to create, establish and maintain orderly series (sequentially) of ideas.

DURATION

Duration is an univocal term that refers to the way we think about the becoming-time or b-t. Although there are several ways of conceiving the b-t, duration is an univocal concept because there is only one b-t.

Duration in some thinkers and scientists:

- Heraclitus: duration = becoming.

- Isaac Newton: The duration is a mathematical entity (idea). Ideas are unchanging. Although he admitted that time flows inexorably.

- Immanuel Kant: duration is a priori. The b-t would be a noumenon.

- Henri Bergson: Duration is a quality of consciousness. He rejected mathematical time.

- Albert Einstein: duration is a space dimension.

- Elvis Sibilia: Duration is the relation between two ideas "a and b" where "a" is before "b". As we see duration is a mental process. The b-t exists and is a posteriori.

For physicist time does not exist or does not flow because they always work with math, and we know that mathematical entities are ideas (unchanging).

UNIVOCAL, EQUIVOCAL AND ANALOGOUS TERMS

Time is an equivocal term because it can refer: clocks, ocassion, a period, multiplication, etc.

Becoming is an analogous term because it relates the concepts to happen and to convert, in both cases change is present.

Combining both terms, becoming-time, we obtain an univocal concept because it refers only to the flowing extention of changes.
Site about "Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous Terms":   http://definitionsinsemantics.blogsp...ous-terms.html

THE BECOMING-TIME FLOWS FROM THE FUTURE TO THE PRESENT

STATEMENTS OF PHILOCHRONY

1 - The existence of the becoming-time is an axiom.

2 - Time becomes (flows) from the future to the present. The continuous present or the now is the future becoming in reality which allows things to evolve.

3 - The sense of time from past to future is an illusion. In this illusion are based progress bars (a video) in Computer science. Think about the images and sound of a video are the continuous present. The circle of the progress bar seems to go from past to future.

CASES OF CONCEPTUAL MERGER

1 - Aristotle merged objectively ideas and things, which later Kant took to subjective plane.

2 - Electromagnetism merges electricity with the property of magnets of attracting iron.

3 - The Issac Newton's theory of universal gravitation merged the Earth with outer space.

4 - The Albert Einstein's concept of space-time is another case of conceptual merger, but reduced the four dimensions to just two: the mesh of space-time, which according to Einstein is curved by the action of gravity.

5 - The concept of becoming-time merges objectively these two important variables in the universe. Time is independent of space.

The first is a case of Philosophy; the second, third and fourth are cases of Physics and the fifth case corresponds to Philochrony. Physics describes motion in space and for this science time doesn't exist or is an illusion.

IMAGES OF PHILOCHRONY (video)

THE BECOMING-TIME EXISTS

They are half right who claim that time does not exist, because as an abstract entity is transreal, does not exist in reality. First let's look at the definition of the becoming concept: the becoming is the continuous succession of changes or phenomena that are delimited by a start and an end. All physical changes have a beginning, a becoming and an end. Time is the interval between two moments or cuts (interruptions) arising from happening. As we see time is linked inextricably to the becoming which is real and palpable, so becoming-time duality exists independently of our minds. Time taken alone is just an idea or an abstract concept. When we go to the movies, the movie have a beginning, a becoming and an end. The becoming-time is so obvious and evident that doesn't requires proof or demonstration because we experience it every moment or time. The duration is the mathematical representation (magnitude) of the becoming-time obtained from a regular rhythm or periodic phenomenon in which we identify the beginning, the becoming and the end. It's said that the big bang originated the matter, energy, space and time. That before the Big Bang there was a highly dense singularity. The big bang is considered as time zero, or rather duration zero, because zero has no place in the becoming-time. If there was a singular point there was the becoming-time. In duration zero there is becoming, but is adopted as a convention. For example, 10 minutes are counted from zero, which is the first cut, the beginning of the interval. But zero is not the absence of becoming, It's a utility. Whether creation or explosion we have this very useful dual variable allows us to sort the facts and events in sequence: the becoming-time.

TO FLOW AND TO BE: A STATISTICAL POINT OF VIEW

For Heraclitus being is the becoming and for Parmenides being is thinking. In the B-T Duality the becoming are changes, flowing continuously. Time is the permanence, the thing that is. That is, changes-permanence and flow-being(s). Things, in their duration, change, but retaining their identity or being. Consider the metaphor in which the TV is being and the images are becoming. Becoming and time are qualitative ordinal variables with three classes or categories: before, during and after. Duration is a frequential quantitative variable whose value is derived from the count of a periodic phenomenon or cycle. The categories of duration are: past, present and future.

STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

In probability theory, a stochastic process, or sometimes random process (widely used) is a collection of random variables; this is often used to represent the evolution of some random value, or system, over time. This is the probabilistic counterpart to a deterministic process (or deterministic system). Instead of describing a process which can only evolve in one way (as in the case, for example, of solutions of an ordinary differential equation), in a stochastic or random process there is some indeterminacy: even if the initial condition (or starting point) is known, there are several (often infinitely many) directions in which the process may evolve.

WHAT DO WE PERCEIVE AS TIME (INDIRECTLY)

We perceive the occurrence of cycles or intervals that are continually repeated. We observe and register the frequency of occurrence of certain cyclical phenomena. This makes time or duration a statistical parameter rather than physical. The duration is a parameter that arrange events: timers, time (clock) and date (calendar). The duration is also a cumulative data. The time (interval) is a statistical variable and becoming-time Duality is the stochastic process more general that we can conceive. D-T Duality applies to all other stochastic processes.

FOUR-DIMENSIONAL COSMOLOGY

THE BECOMING AS DIMENSION

A dimension is the shortest path that tells us how to move from one point to another. Dimensions can be: straight lines and curved lines (geodesies) in space and the succession of changes (becoming) in duration. The dimensions have direction and sense. Space is 3D. The dimension of duration is becoming, where the direction and sense melt at a flowing point (present). Characteristics of becoming: 1 - The becoming is a continuous succession of points. 2 - In time we go through all the points. 3 - To move from one point to another we should expect arrive. 4 - We know that a point is past because we remember it. 5 - The time interval is intuited. The origin of the time coordinate can't be zero, a letter should be used, for example c = change. Zero represents nothing, the static. By this the origing point in the spacetime graphics must be (c, o). Becoming: c ---------------------->

ANALOGY LIGHT : DURATION

"Wave–particle duality postulates that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. A central concept of quantum mechanics, this duality addresses the inability of classical concepts like "particle" and "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. Standard interpretations of quantum mechanics explain this paradox as a fundamental property of the Universe, while alternative interpretations explain the duality as an emergent, second-order consequence of various limitations of the observer. This treatment focuses on explaining the behavior from the perspective of the widely used Copenhagen interpretation, in which wave–particle duality is one aspect of the concept of complementarity, that a phenomenon can be viewed in one way or in another, but not both simultaneously". From wikipedia. So we have suggested that the duration is also a duality: becoming-time. The duration is the stay or course of events in reality. Becoming is the inherent property of matter to experience changes. no a cause for the becoming, nor be deprived the matter of this property. Therefore the becoming is absolute. Time is the rhythm or speed, in one sense, that phenomena and events occur. We refer to a steady and conventional rhythm (watches) to measure the duration of events. The rhythm of time can be variable, this is regarded as relative.

Image of the wave-particle duality, in which you can see how the same phenomenon may have two different perceptions. DURATION = BECOMING-TIME DUALITY (ABSOLUTE-RELATIVE)

FORMULAS OF THE DURATION

1 - The formula d = Δgt, x. The duration is equal to the gradual increase of time since the moment x. 2 - R x:y, relation of x in y, where x is the moment and "y" is the period of time. R x:y is the abbreviation of the four scales of the duration. Thus, using this formula we think that the moment must associated with a longer time. THE METACHRONY: The metachrony, beyond time, is the figure representing the duration, it is a mathematical entity. The metachrony is a static figure, but it helps to the subject to be at a certain moment in the becoming-time.

HENRI BERGSON AND THE PHILOCHRONY

Henri Bergson, French philosopher (1859-1941). Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. He made the intuition the only method to get to the knowledge of the duration of the facts of consciousness and life. Bergson rejects the physical-mathematical time, which the time is a result of a previous abstract spatialization, just a succession of static moments. In the inner self, the states of consciousness melted and organized in a unit that is not spatial, but has the characteristics of the duration: continuous succession that links this with the past. If Bergson had not rejected the concept of time (magnitude of the future) perhaps would have coincided with us on the concept of the duality B-T. Because just as Bergson thinking we thought that the duration is a intuitive concept, a mathematical mnemonic-intelligible entity. Although we sense time as an interval, this is a concrete concept. The individual constructs the duration based on the insights it has had on the different periods of time. I have an intellectual or pure intuition over a period and this is retained in memory structuring chromnesias. Thus, the passage of the years in our lives we built our intuitions. That is because we affirm that the duration is a mnemonic-intelligible mathematical entity.

RELATION BETWEEN THE CHRONOLOGY AND PHILOCHRONY

"Chronology (from the Greek chronos,"time"and logos,"study") is the science which aims to identify the temporal order of historical events, is part of the discipline of history. The concept is also used in other areas of knowledge to relate historical facts in chronological order. No event in history that does not arise from others that have preceded and not come be a source of other more or less important. All great civilizations have adopted various methods, using the course of the heavenly bodies, to measure time. The varying success of this operation is more or less depended on the respective people advance in astronomical knowloedge. Also have influenced the calculation of the days, months and years, religion, historians and even the political habits and civil rights of people." First, the chronology as a tool of history, is social. The chronology orders social facts, but not within its jurisdiction the nature and measure of time. The Philochrony classifies things according to their duration, does not establish an order of occurrence between them. Philochrony also offers an explanation of the nature of time with the duality becoming-time.

RHYTHM AND DESTINY

The rhythm is necessary or casual management in the occurrence of events. For thousands of years man had understood that there is a rhythm of time. The man followed the rhythm of time thanks to the Sun (the day always follows night) and the rhythm of the seasons. Another sense of the word rhythm is the speed at which something develops. "In nature, rhythm is said to exist in the infinite series of activities such as sleeping and waking, nutrition and reproduction that govern the existence of all living things. These activities are often closely related to the rhythmic processes of geophysical phenomena such as ocean tides, the solar day, the lunar month and the changing seasons. The flow rate is controlled or measured movement, sound or visual, usually produced by an arrangement of different elements of the medium in question. Rhythm is a basic feature of all the arts, especially music, poetry and dance. Can also be detected in natural phenomena. " The destiny is defined as the concatenation of events must have occurred to a person or a society. These developments are shaping the subconscious mind in the case of the people and history in the case of societies. The ability of the prophets is to identify these linkages, and therefore are ahead of their time. But this ability is subject to errors due to false beliefs behind the prophet. "The destiny (also called fate) is inevitable and unavoidable supernatural power that is believed to guide human life and that of any being chosen for a purpose not so necessary and fatal, as opposed to free will or freedom." In conclusion: 1) The destiny is equivalent to the personal and social rhythm of an individual. 2) The duration is only measured the extent of the phenomena, the rate is recorded as TAO or total activity occurred. 3) An elementary form of rhythm is the alpha and omega, the birth and death. 4) The destiny comprises 50% of free will and 50% of the circumstances.

TIME ACCORDING TO ISAAC NEWTON

"Absolute, true, and mathematical time, in and of itself and of its own nature, without reference to anything external, flows uniformly and by another name is called duration. Relative, apparent, and common time is any sensible and external measure (precise or imprecise) of duration by means of motion; such a measure - for example, an hour, a day, a month, a year - is commonly used instead of true time." -Principia According to our conceptual thinking the absolute time agrees with the regular becoming and the relative time agrees with the duration (quantitative measurement of time). In this sense the duration is an abstract concept (mathematical). Newton didn’t refer himself to the irregular becoming.

HENRI BERGSON AND THE B-T DUALITY

Let’s see the following points: 

1) The Bergson’s duration is the Sibilia’s becoming. 

2) Sibilia and Bergson agree with the concept of time: abstract and mathematical. 

3) For Bergson the duration is the real time of the conscience. Here, we disagree because the becoming is objective and generates the illusion of time. 

4) Although, we intuit the becoming, this is not exclusive of the conscience. 

5) The Bergson’s negation of the time it was not just right. Time must be consider as a convenience. ORIGIN OF THE B-T DUALITY: Arrived the moment to consider the time as an illusion, the definition of this concept lead us to the becoming. An illusion is the distorted interpretation for a perceived stimulus really. This stimulus is the becoming. So, the becoming plus its perception (illusion) conform the B-T Duality.

SCHEME OF BECOMING-TIME DUALITY

B-T DUALITY (IMAGE) After the raid on the duration and metachrony retook again the concept of becoming-time or B-T. The joint definition of this concept is the continuous succession of changes subject to a certain pattern (direction). For B-T has must be rhythm. In an image or photograph there is not rhythm. The rhythm is the necessay or casual ordination in the occurence of events. For thousands of years man had understood that there is a rhythm of time. The man followed the rhythm of time thanks to the Sun (the day always follows night) and the rhythm of the seasons. Another sense of the word rhythm is the speed at which something develops. We're all going in the same direction, some went before, others after. The becoming only has one way: time.

WHAT IS PHILOCHRONY?

Philochrony (from the Greek philo: friend and khronos: time) is the formal science that describes the nature of time and demonstrates its existence. Classifies things according to their duration. It also exposes the Theory of Inexorability. The Philochrony is independent of any belief, dogma or organization of knowledge.

In accordance with their duration things are classified in: Eternal, durable, perishable, ephemeral, fleeting and nonexistent. 

a) The eternal things don't have beginning neither ending; like the matter. For the believers, God and the Paradise are eternal. 

b) The durable things last a lot of time. They are divided in: 
- Centennial, if they last among 100 to 999 years. For example, the fir tree and the saguaro cactus. 
- Millennial, among 1,000 to 999,000 years. The secuoya tree. 
- Millionaire, more than a million years. The geologic eras, the life of the planets and stars. 

c) Perishable things have a little duration; they last among one day to 99 years. The human being’s life. 

d) Ephemeral things have a short duration, some hours. 

e) The fleeting things have a very short duration, some seconds or fractions of second. The wink, the rhythm of the heart. 

f) The nonexistence is the lack of existence, no duration. The planet X between Mars and Jupiter. All things possess existence and essence.

BECOMING-TIME DUALITY

Becoming is the continuous series of changes. It's a property of the matter. The becoming is absolute. Time is the successive extension of phenomena. Time is relative. Duration is the quantitative measurement of time. In the B-T Duality, as the becoming as the time are objective, but their measurement (duration) is an (subjective) entity. We perceive becoming in changes and time like an illusion, but is objective, it depends of the extension of phenomenona. We use clocks and calendars to adjust ourselves to the constant flow of the becoming.